La sezione presenta nuove metodologie di approccio atte ad individuare la specifica qualità dello spazio sacro, quale si viene a ridefinire con l’affermarsi e durante il consolidarsi del dominio romano in Grecia. Nuovi dati ed un nuovo riesame della documentazione disponibile identificano contesti emblematici per la ricostruzione di un quadro complessivo della dimensione religiosa in ambito provinciale orientale. Il fenomeno della continuità e della trasformazione dei maggiori santuari greci rappresenta tuttora una considerevole lacuna negli studi inerenti al complesso processo di acculturazione nei territori assoggettati dell’impero. In una continua tensione dialettica tra cultura delle province e quella della metropoli lo spazio sacro è un efficace catalizzatore per processi di formazione e di trasformazione di identità collettive alla luce di una complessa interazione tra memoria culturale, processi di acculturazione, dinamiche di assimilazione e resistenza. Definiamo le culture religiose dell’impero come sistema aperto e integrato: nella serie di contributi che vengono presentati in questa sede ci si vuole confrontare con un dibattito attuale e stimolante sul carattere estensivo di questo sistema fondato su dinamiche di integrazione e interazione, piuttosto che sostituzione o diffusione. Richiamandoci ad uno studio recente di Andreas Bendlin, le culture religiose dell’impero romano possono essere descritte come “open, yet integrated systems where the individual agents optimize religious configurations throught the addition of new options such as ruler cult and the Graeco-Roman pantheon, or through re-interpration of native deities along Graeco-Roman lines”. Quindi integrazione, interazione, addizione sono i termini con cui confrontarci in una logica cumulativa e pragmatica dove elementi di natura diversa e di origine molto varia possono coabitare. Come può essere rimodellata la sua comunicazione religiosa sotto la spinta di nuove istanze? Come si riconfigura la comunicazione religiosa con l’entrata in scena di nuovi gruppi attori, al confronto con la presenza dei sovrani e poi del culto imperiale? Le testimonianze relative all’agire religioso e la ricostruzione di una nuova morfologia visiva e monumentale dei santuari greci tradizionali sono indicatori di un insieme di pratiche, saperi e norme religiose che coinvolgono all’interno delle ‘società dei vivi’ anche il ‘mondo dei morti’ e quello delle entità soprannaturali. Quali mutamenti produsse il processo di integrazione delle diverse comunità nel sistema statale romano? Come fu possibile consolidare la loro alterata situazione socio-politica in una nuova, simbolica autodefinizione? Ci fu un effetto contrario che spinse al recupero delle antiche tradizioni locali e a consolidare le identità culturali locali? I vari contributi tentano di inquadrare queste prospettive sulla base della vasta documentazione archeologica, epigrafica e letteraria relativa ai maggiori santuari della provincia d’Achaia.

1. Marco Galli (Università di Roma “La Sapienza”)

Religione come sistema di comunicazione: networks e rituali nei santuari greci

2. Jochen Griesbach (Universität München)

Le statue onorarie nel santuario di Apollo a Delo: mutamenti del concetto di autorappresentazione in età ellenistica

3. Annalisa Lo Monaco (Independent Researcher)

Fuori dall’Altis. L’attività edilizia ad Olimpia nel II sec. a.C.

4. Milena Melfi (University of Oxford)

Uestigiis reuolsorum donorum, tum donis diues erat (Livy XLV, 28): The early Roman Presence in the Asklepieia of Greece

5. Andrea Baudini (Università degli Studi di Milano)

I rituali dell`Orthia a Sparta come veicolo di autorappresentazione di un’ élite civica

6. Enzo Lippolis (Università di Roma “La Sapienza”)

Eleusi, santuario dell’impero

7. Marco Galli (Università di Roma “La Sapienza”)

Lo spazio dei misteri: nuove forme di comunicazione nei santuari greci nel II sec. d. C.

L’analisi si concentra sulle principali poleis dell’Egeo Meridionale (Rodi, Kos, Gortina) che sono interessate da una forte mobilità sociale e presentano caratteri di cosmopolitismo culturale, divenendo una delle tappe più importanti dello scambio culturale, ideologico e tecnologico tra oriente o occidente nel Mediterraneo di età ellenistica ed imperiale. Creta e il Dodecanneso non solo hanno contatti politici e commerciali con l’Asia achemenide prima, poi con i Seleucidi, l’Egitto tolemaico e con i Rhomaioi che frequentano l’Egeo e che lasciano già alla metà del III secolo a.C. le loro testimonianze epigrafiche nell’isola di Rodi, ma sono centro di attrazione anche per altri gruppi connotati da origini etniche e culturali allogene. Il risultato di questo processo è la nascita di una tradizione originale di cui l’aspetto architettonico è il più evidente e carico di significato, costituendo veicolo di espressione e di comunicazione sociale. Si importano o si studiano tradizioni esterne e si elaborano modelli che influenzano a loro volta altre regioni del Mediterraneo, come nel caso delle grandi architetture santuariali di occidente. Il processo è particolarmente evidente anche nella composizione sociale e nelle pratiche di evergetismo, che mostrano in maniera evidente il ruolo delle diverse componenti, interne ed esterne alle comunità locali. Il confronto e l’assimilazione culturale sembrano svolgersi nello spazio privilegiato del sacro, con importanti aperture verso conoscenze religiose esterne, da quelle tipiche del mondo egiziano a quelle della tradizione ebraica e della progressiva affermazione dei gruppi cristiani. Ad un livello a volte meno rilevabile dalla ricerca archeologica, ma particolarmente significativo, si sviluppa un processo di elaborazione attraverso il quale l’individuo si confronta con tradizioni diverse e partecipa dell’elaborazione di forme espressive nuove, di carattere eclettico. La diffusione di questa cultura egea viaggia quindi anche attraverso il sincretismo religioso e l’elaborazione di nuove forme di culto, mostrando un caso precoce e significativo dell’elaborazione di fenomeni che interessano in maniera diversa l’intero Mediterraneo.

1. Luigi M. Caliò (Universitat de Barcelona, Departament de Filologia Llatina)

Introduzione

2. Luigi M. Caliò (Universitat de Barcelona, Departament de Filologia Llatina)

La Koinè architettonica tolemaica in Egeo meridionale

3. Monica Livadiotti (Politecnico di Bari, Facoltà di Architettura)

Processi di standardizzazione del cantiere ellenistico: il caso di Kos

4. Roberta Belli Pasqua (Politecnico di Bari, Facoltà di Architettura)

Architettura funeraria a Rodi età ellenistica: documentazione locale e forme di contatto

5. Elisabetta Interdonato ( Università di Roma “La Sapienza”)

Romani e italici nell’Asklepieion di Kos

6. Guilio Vallarino (Università di Roma “La Sapienza”)

Dediche altoimperiali da Kos per i theoi patrooi

7. Isabella Baldini Lippolis (Università degli studi di Bologna)

Mobilità di persone, proselitismo e affermazione del cristianesimo: il caso di Gortina

In the regions of the Mediterranean, the Greek influence – transported by colonialism and expansion – always reached a local population. Mostly the local populations were displaced from their territory into the hinterland, although they adopted some of the Greek patterns already during the archaic and classical period. These groups are a less-studied field in Classical Archaeology. However, from the 4th century BC the local populations apparently reached a new self-confidence which found different forms of expression: monumental architecture, sculptural features, new forms of pottery as well as coin minting and inscriptions. The Greek influence is obvious but always connected with local peculiarities. In many regions, some kind of “boom” in the archaeological material can be observed. In this session, we will discuss this phenomenon by studying and comparing different regions in the Mediterranean. It will ask through which patterns the new self-confidence was articulated and in which forms local traditions remained. The aim is to discuss if similar developments in different regions was caused by a global reason, or if every region had its own specific historical and economical situation. The comparison of different regions helps to understand this phenomenon in each region as well as in the global context.

1. Agnes Henning (Universität Heidelberg)

Introduction

2. Agnes Henning (Universität Heidelberg)

Lucania in the 4th and 3rd century BC. Articulation of a New Self-awareness Instead of a Migration Theory

3. Alexander Butyagin (State Hermitage Museum)

Borrows of the Bosporan Kingdom during the 4th c. as a Greek-barbarian Phenomenon

4. Daniela Piras (Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen)

La nuova autoconsapevolezza dei Cari in età ellenistica: cause e modalità espressive alla luce dell’evidenza delle necropoli

5. Elisabeth Katzy (Freie Universität, Berlin)

Zwischen lokaler Tradition und Wandel: “Hellenisierung” nordmesopotamiens

6. Othmar Jaeggi (University of Basel)

Hellenistic Influences in Iberian Sculpture

For better or worse, the notion of identity and its related concept of ethnicity have been pivotal concepts in the archaeology of the Hellenistic age during the last decade. The tension between Hellenizing and local cultures has been taken as fundamental conceit around which much of these ancient societies were organized at both small and large scales. Scholars have seen in this approach a useful way of accessing the dynamic which developed in the regions impacted by Alexander’s campaigns and, more fundamentally, in areas shaped by exposure to material goods and intellectual influences from the post-Classical Mediterranean. The archaeology of these areas has been profoundly influenced by this duality and interpretations have often leaned heavily on the idea of a fruitful tension between these forces and seen it reflected in the material remains of the period.

In this session, we will consider the theoretical and practical implications of this approach and the ways that it has shaped Hellenistic archaeology in recent years. Through a series of case studies from across the range of the Classically-influenced East, we hope to make connections between these widely varying regions and to offer a program for the future practice of the archaeology of this period.

1. Andreas Kropp (University of Nottingham)

Limits of Hellenisation: Pre-Roman basalt temples in the Hauran

2. Jennifer Gates-Foster (University of Texas at Austin)

Consuming Culture: The Case of Hellenistic Nubia

3. Marc Waelkens (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven), Jeroen Poblome, Kim Vyncke

Indigenous versus Greek Identity in Hellenistic Pisidia: Myth or reality?

4. Nadine Boksmati (Directorate General of Antiquities, Lebanon)

Hellenistic Beirut: A Negotiated Urban Identity

5. Rachel Mairs (University of Oxford)

An ‘Identity Crisis’? Identity and Its Discontents in Hellenistic Studies

The presence of Greek vases in Etruria remains a central topic in the study of the interrelation of cultures in the Ancient Mediterranean World. Recent scholarship on the subject has been oriented towards an understanding of the mechanisms of the diffusion of attic vases in the West, the organization of the trade and the response of the “consumers” of Greek pottery to the ideological, cultural and religious messages invested in those objects by their producers. The present session will deal more specifically with the impact of imagery found on Greek pots on local artistic production (on the choice of subject matter as well as on the narrative techniques employed), and will focus on the relationship between local versus imported pottery, especially in terms of value and symbolic function. The session will also contribute to the examination of available archaeological data, and to a sharper theoretical definition of the cultural impact of imports in Etruscan society. In the other end of the spectrum, a part of the discussion will treat more specifically with the role of middlemen in the choices of the producers, as regards shapes, techniques and iconography.

1. Cornelia Isler-Kerényi (Independent Researcher)

Dioniso ad Atene, dionisismo in Italia

2. Dimitris Paleothodoros (University of Thessaly)

Etruscan Black-figure in Context

3. Sian Lewis (Saint Andrews University)

Images of Craft on Athenian Pottery: Context and Interpretation

4. Vincenzo Bellelli (CNR – Istituto di Studi sulle civiltà italiche e del Mediterraneo antico)

L’impatto del mito greco nell’Etruria orientalizzante: la documentazione ceramica

5. Vladmir Stissi (Free University of Amsterdam, Holland)

Greek, Etruscan or Central Mediterranean? The roles of Greek pottery in Etruscan sanctuaries compared to its home-land

Die Ankunft der Griechen in Sizilien und Süditalien zur Gründungszeit der Kolonien war mit unterschiedlichen Formen der Konfrontation und des Austausches mit der ansässigen Bevölkerung verbunden. Unter „Austausch“ sind nicht nur der Handel mit Gütern und Resourcen zu verstehen, sondern ebenso der Aufbau von Herrschaftsformen und die Übernahme von Riten, von sozialen Strukturen und von Formen der Gestaltung des Lebensraumes. Alle diese Arten von kulturellem Austausch dienten letztlich der Schaffung und der Versicherung von Identität innerhalb der jeweiligen Bevölkerungsgruppe. In dieser Sektion soll es darum gehen, die Kontaktformen zwischen den Bevölkerungsgruppen unter dem Aspekt der Identitätsbildung zu betrachten. Die Auswahl der Beiträge ist so getroffen, daß Fälle aus verschiedenen Regionen des Süden vertreten sind und mit Totenbrauchtum, Siedlungswesen und Sakralstätten die wesentlichen Lebensbereiche erfaßt sind.

1. Christiane Nowak (Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Rom)

Italiker in griechischen Koloniestädten? Zur “ethnischen Deutung” der Waffengräber in Poseidonia

2. Kerstin Hofmann (Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Rom)

Rituali funerari a acculturazione: la trasformazione culturale in Sicilia sudorientale sotto l’influenza greca nell’VIII-V sec. a. C. sull’esempio di Morgantina

3. Marina Sclafani (Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Rom)

Personalità divine minori del pantheon greco tra le comunità indigene della Sicilia occidentale

4. Martin Köder (Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Rom)

Indigene Siedlungen in Kampanien vom 8. – 5. Jh. v.Chr. Entwicklung und Wandel

5. Nadin Burkhardt (Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Rom)

L’evoluzione dei riti funerari nell’ambito dei contatti tra indigeni e Greci in epoca coloniale: l’esempio di Gravina

6. Andreas Thomsen (Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Rom)

Zentralisierungsprozesse und Siedlungsgenese in Unteritalien und Sizilien

The processes of Greek migration and settlement outside the Aegean (conventionally termed colonization) have traditionally been examined principally in terms of the impact of Greek settlers and their culture on the indigenous population. However, the impact of the colonial environment, and of the interactions of with non-Greek cultures, on the cultures of the Greek settlers has been less extensively studied until relatively recently. Recent research has variously proposed that the incoming settlers may not have perceived strong differences between themselves and their non-Greek neighbours and that Greek identity was internally-generated (Hall 2002), and that the confrontation with the non-Greek ‘other’ was fundamental to the formation of the identities of the colonial communities and the very idea of the polis (Malkin 1994). Other studies have questioned the appropriateness of colonisation as a model for the settlement process (Osborne 1998), or stressed the hybrid nature of colonial societies, giving rise to cultural/ethnic identities which were perceived as neither specifically Greek nor specifically non-Greek (Carter 2006). This session seeks to move this debate forward by exploring the interactions between Greeks and non-Greeks in the Western Mediterranean from the standpoint of the Greek settlements, and seeks to examine how these contacts contributed to the developing ethnic and cultural identities of these communities. In particular, it will examine how, and to what extent, these contacts contributed to the development of locally specific Greek identities in various areas of the Mediterranean.

1. Adolfo Dominguez Monadero (Universidad Autònoma, Madrid)

The identity of Emporion: Greek identity and non-Greek interactions

2. Carla Antonaccio (Brown University)

Getting comfortable on the Middle Ground?

3. Gert-Jan Burgers (Koninklijk Nederlands Instituut Rome)

Landscapes of contact: Rethinking early Greek – indigenous encounters in the Taranto region, Southern Italy

4. Gillian Shepherd (University of Birmingham)

Mix and match: cultural identities and social mobility in Western Greece

5. Peter Attema (University of Groningen)

Settlement dynamics in the Sibaritide and NW Crimea, a comparison of the impact of the Greek colonial environment on settlement and society

6. Ralph Hauessler (University of Osnabruck)

Interaction and persistence: Greeks, Gauls and Romans in Southern France

This session brings together historians and archaeologists who tackle Greek colonization from various perspectives and regional data, particularly those deriving from Italian soil. Three underlying themes unite these papers. The first is that they take direct and indirect account of the world context in which the study of Greek colonization finds itself today. This matter is raised directly in two papers: Bernstein sees this stimulus as leading to a more open and active role in respect of Greek-native relations, and De Angelis pursues this point more generally in attempting to find a new role for Greek colonization in this century, especially relevant in a world being more and more characterized by migrations and multiculturalism. Current scholarly climate is also a matter that lies in the background of the remaining papers by De Siena and Castoldi, Rocco, and Gasparri as evidenced by the very questions and approaches they adopt, particularly their willingness to look in a more balanced matter at the other side of the cultural relationships that occurred in their regions. The second underlying theme is related and regards the uses and development of material culture from the Greek homeland by both pre-existing native cultures and the Greek settlers who established cities in new lands. This is the particular focus of the papers by Rocco and Gasparri, who, respectively, examine the cultural exchange and relationships between Daunia and its wider world and between Selinous and East Greece. Both studies open up a crucial window onto an important issue, taken up in passing too in the other papers. The third theme involves how all the papers share the desire of advancing new interpretations and approaches. Such a desire derives from their extensive individual and collective experience in both the study and field (as in especially the case of De Siena and Castoldi) of dealing with an important episode in ancient Mediterranean culture contact.

1. Frank Bernstein (Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität)

Migranten und Indigene. Das Beispiel der sog. Großen Kolonisation der Griechen

2. Laura Gasparri (Università degli Studi di Torino)

I Kouros “vestito” dal santuario della Malophoros a Selinunte. Vasi figurati e figurine di importazione ionica e di imitazione locale

3. Antonio De Siena (Soprintendenza della Basilicata) & Marina Castoldi (Università degli Studi di Milano)

Trasformazioni e interazioni culturali sulla costa ionica della Basilicata prima della fondazione di Metaponto: il caso dell’Incoronata

4. Giulia Rocco (Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata)

Iconografie greche nel mondo indigeno della Daunia tra VII e VI secolo a.C.: le decorazioni figurate sulle vesti delle statue-stele

5. Franco De Angelis (University of British Columbia)

Ancient Greek Colonization in the 21st Century: Some Suggested Directions

1. Greek Colonization: Approaches, Cultural Relationships, and Exchange

2. Colonization and the development of Greek identity in the Western Mediterranean

3. Formen der Begegnung: Kolonisten und Indigene in der Magna Graecia und in Sizilien vom 7. bis zum -3. Jh. v.Chr.

4. Greek vases, Etruscan context

5. Beyond Identity in the Hellenistic East

6. The New Self-Awareness of Local Populations in Greek Influenced Regions from the 4th to the 1st Century BC

7. Scambi, mobilità individuale ed elaborazione culturale nelle isole dell’Egeo meridionale tra tardo Ellenismo ed Impero

8. Religione come sistema di comunicazione: networks e rituali nei santuari tradizionali greci di età romana

9. Expressions of cultural exchange in Roman Greece

10. Tracia e Dacia

11. Interaction, Urbanisation and Cultural Changes in the Balkans

The geographic region of North Africa (including Egypt) had long participated in the interplay of Mediterranean cultures, but integration into the Roman Empire caused a fundamental shift in this landscape of economic and social exchange. Against this multicultural background operated various mechanisms of connectivity – socio-political, economic, military and religious – and the aim of this session is to explore their mutual impact. This focus on such a range of issues allows for a deeper theoretical understanding of the effects of connectivity on physical and non-physical aspects of local cultural identity. Papers in this session will directly address the following themes: changes in production and consumption as a result of economic integration, the stimulus that Rome’s eastern trade had on the exploitation of resources in the Egyptian desert, shifts in religious identity, the economic and social composition of harbour cities, long-distance trade in North African cookwares, and finally how the region was perceived abroad. Through the integration of several varying approaches, this session will expand the boundaries of research in this area and will stress the interaction of cultures as an effect of incorporation into the Roman world.

1. Candace Rice (Exeter College, Oxford)

Southern Mediterranean Port Cities as Microcosms of Connectivity

2. Victoria Leitch (University of Oxford)

Trade in Roman North African Cookwares

3. Sanda S. Heinz (St. Cross College, University of Oxford)

Mutual Cultural Exchange: Egyptian Artefacts in the Roman Landscape

4. Matthew M. McCarty (Lincoln College, University of Oxford)

Soldiers and Stelae: Votive Cult and the Roman Army in North Africa

5. Katja Schörle (Corpus Christi College, University of Oxford)

From Harbour to Desert: An Integrated Interface on the Red Sea and its Impact on the Eastern Egyptian desert

6. Karen Heslin (Merton College,University of Oxford)

Emerging Markets: Import Replacement in Roman North Africa

7. Andrew Wilson (University of Oxford)

Harbour to Desert, Emporium to Sanctuary: Response