Cette session sera organisée autour de cinq exemples d’agglomérations implantées aux marges du désert syro-arabique. Les formations géo-pédologiques des marges du désert arabique et leur faible occupation au cours des périodes historiques récentes ont souvent laissé visibles, et accessibles dans leur ensemble, les traces, souvent d’une précision étonnante, à la fois d’agglomérations antiques et de l’organisation des territoires dans lesquels elles s’intégraient. L’enquête, actuellement en cours, sur des sites de dimensions différentes, en Syrie (ville de Palmyre, villages du Leja en Syrie du Sud), Jordanie (Pétra), Arabie Saoudite (Medaïn Saleh = Hégra), Yemen (Makainoun) conduit à s’interroger sur l’existence et les origines de formes d’organisation urbaine qui seraient propres à ces milieux naturels, à leur peuplement, à leur exploitation économique. La culture urbaine dont témoignent ces sites se trouve confrontée, à partir de la fin de l’époque hellénistique, à celle de la Méditerranée orientale, implantée de longue date dans la zone côtière, puis aux programmes politiques de l’empire romain qui tendent à imposer un modèle unique d’espace urbain.

Les études de cas proposés prennent comme point de départ l’identification d’espaces distincts, aux fonctions définies, qui ont laissé des traces plus ou moins lisibles selon les sites : habitat et pouvoir, espaces économiques, funéraires, cultuels, juxtaposés ou en recouvrement partiel. Les analyses spatiales engagées tirent leur intérêt particulier de la comparaison de variantes régionales permettant de cerner les différents paramètres de la formation des villages et des villes dans cette zone.

1. Jean-Marie Dentzer (l’Université de Paris 1)

Introduction: présentation de la problématique

2. Jérôme Rohmer (Université Paris I, Panthéon-Sorbonne)

Late Hellenistic Settlement in Hawrân (Southern Syria). Survival of Proto-historic Urbanism and Village Architecture in a Hellenized Context

3. Laila Nehmé (CNRS, UMR 8167)

Ancient Hegra, a Nabataean Site in a Semi-arid Environment. The Urban Space and Preliminary Results from the First Excavation Season

4. Manar Hammad (l’Université de Paris 1)

Les étapes du développement urbain de Palmyre

5. Michel Mouton (CNRS / Maison de l’Archéologie et de l’Ethnologie), Anne Benoist (CNRS / Archéorient)

The Formation of a Regional Center in South Arabia in Antiquity

6. Stephan Schmid (Universität zu Berlin)

Pétra ville nabatéenne: l’espace des vivants, l’espace des morts et l’espace des dieux

This session investigates the impact of cross-cultural exchange on the architecture and decoration of public and private spaces in the central and eastern Mediterranean. The papers examine the material record as a key to understanding the influence that cultural, religious, social or economic contact can have on the development of particular architectural solutions or construction practices. The session seeks not only to showcase methodologies for the interpretation of the material evidence, highlighting the continued importance of comparative approaches, but also to challenge current interpretations on the nature of cultural exchange through a range of ancient structures. From the artefactual record of Alexandria and Heracleion, through the creation of interior decoration to the construction of religious spaces, this session seeks to forefront multi-level interaction as a prime motivator behind both changes and continuity visible in the material record. It coincides with the theme of the conference by focusing on the expression these meetings between cultures took, and how we might identify and interpret them on the basis of the surviving archaeological remains.

1. Friederike Hoebel (University of Cottbus, Germany)

Das Heiligtum im so genannten Venusareal in Heliopolis / Baalbek – Entwicklung vom lokalen Kult zum romanisierten Kultkomplex

2. Daniel Lohmann (University of Cottbus, Germany; German Archaeological Institute)

Giant strides towards Monumentality – The Architecture of the Jupiter Sanctuary in Baalbek/ Heliopolis

3. Jonathan Cole (University of Oxford)

Questions of origin and influence: investigating the evidence from the ports of Alexandria and Heracleion

4. Peter Stewart (Courtauld Institute of Art)

Totenmahl Reliefs and the Study of Roman Provincial Sculpture

5. Rubina Raja (Aarhus University, Denmark)

Religious spaces and traditions between east and west: the sanctuary of Zeus in the decapolis city of Gerasa

6. William Wootton (King’s College, London)

Imitation and innovation: tracking technological exchange in hellenistic mosaics

By creating a distinct satrapy of Caria in the 4th century B.C. and by giving its lead to the Hekatomnid dynasts, the Persian rulers seem to have offered the Carians the opportunity to emphasize the existence of a proper Carian identity, the famous “carianization” mentioned by several scholars. The definition (construction?) of this identity took many forms, among these the emergence of a Carian culture based both on local traditions and borrowings from neighbours. One of the clearest manifestations of this cultural upheaval can be seen through the “Ionian Renaissance”, which shows how Carians utilized the Greek, Ionian, architectural tradition and turned it into something new and Carian. Although it has been recently the main area to focus on the subject, architecture is not the only topic to reveal such kind of influences that can also be detected in Carian religion, coinage and language. The main goal of this session is to investigate the 4th century Carian identity through its cultural influences, from the widest possible range of archaeological sources, and to analyze its formation from a political, economical and social point of view.

1. Lars Karlsson (Uppsala University, Sweden)

Combining Greek architectural orders and orientalising sculpture at Labraunda: a political statement

2. Ignasi Adiego (University of Barcelona)

Hecatomnid ‘Carianization’: Carian language and Hellenization

3. Koray Konuk (CNRS/ Institut Français d’Etudes Anatoliennes, Istanbul)

Coins and Identities under the Hekatomnids

4. Olivier Henry (Koç University, Istanbul)

4th Century Carian Funerary Architecture: a Cross-cultural Outcome

5. Pierre Debord (Michel de Montaigne-Bordeaux 3)

Zeus Pigindenos (Bargasa): au carrefour de deux cultures

6. Poul Pedersen (University of Southern Denmark)

The 4th century BC ‘Ionian Renaissance’ in European architecture:the synthesis of a meeting of Persian financial cul-ture with Greek architectural tradition and Karian cultural ambitions?

Ancient Anatolia has often been described as a crossroads of civilisations enabling the transfer of goods and ideas between East and West. Different empires took control of the central plains and costal cities in order to profit from rich resources and a vivid trade. The impact of their respective rule varied depending on the importance of the region and the aims of the local potentates and foreign governers. Yet it has never been a uniform country. In contrast the patchwork of many different people determined the dynamics of development, partly continuing Bronze Age geographical patterns, partly being established by various ‘newcomers’. Due to this situation of constant interaction – between settled and settlers, city and countryside, local élite and dynast – a wide range of cultural contacts can be observed in Anatolia. The case studies assembled in this section represent this diversity and give an overview of the changing historical conditions over time. By using various models of interpretation they intend to explore the importance of material culture as a major source of understanding the processes resulting of cultural contacts. That these processes are not concluded is shown by the use and imagination of ancient culture in modern Turkey.

1. Felix Pirson (German Archaeological Institute, Istanbul)

Images: Visual Culture of Lycia

2. Isil R. Isiklikaya (German Archaeological Institute, Istanbul)

Traces of Earlier Cultures in Anatolia and their Perception in Modern Turkey

3. Martin Bachmann (German Archaeological Institute, Istanbul)

Technology: Architectural Innovation in Anatolia

4. Oliver Hulden (German Archaeological Institute, Istanbul)

Ethnicity: Persians by Birth or “Persianized” Locals? – The so called Persian Tombs in Anatolia as a Paradigma for a Specific Cultural Interrelation during the Achaemenid Rule

5. Ute Kelp (German Archaeological Institute, Istanbul)

Urbanisation and Identities: The Evidence of Grave Types in Roman Phrygia

6. Ulrich Mania (German Archaeological Institute, Istanbul)

Art and Religion: Egyptianizing sculpture from Pergamon

The concept of ‘Graeco-Persian’ or ‘Perso-Anatolian’ art, as a distinct style produced under Achaemenid rule, has attracted increasing attention over the past two decades. Originally defined as a formal mix of the Greek and Persian – Greek style and Persian themes – interest has more recently shifted to a phenomenological conception of the materials as unique products of Western Anatolian culture in the Achaemenid period. There are still many questions about this phenomenon, concerning the transmission of ideas, the formation of identities and cultural change at large. For instance: did Greek art or artists play a role in the formation of ‘Perso- Anatolian’ art? What is actually ‘Persian’ in the images and material culture of Western Anatolia? How were such images employed and what did they mean in their social context? What socio-cultural identities are linked with the political and economic changes provoked by participation in the Achaemenid imperial sphere? This panel consists of five fifteen-minute papers presenting new research on Western Anatolian material culture of the Achaemenid period, with a particular focus on new material, and with the aim of making a further contribution to the understanding of cultural exchange, identity formation andthe history of Persian Asia Minor.

1. Catherine M. Draycott (Somerville College, Oxford)

Introduction: What does “being ‘Graeco-Persian’” mean? An Introduction to the Papers

2. Catherine M. Draycott (Somerville College, Oxford)

Convoy Commanders and Other Military Identities in Tomb Art of Western Anatolia around the Time of the Persian Wars

3. Elizabeth P. Baughan (University of Richmond)

Persian Riders in Lydia? The Painted Frieze of the Aktepe Tomb kline

4. Maya Vassileva (Centre for Thracology, BulgarianAcademy of Sciences, Sofia)

Achaemenid Interfaces: Thracian and Anatolian Representations of Elite Status

5. Burcu Erciyas (Middle East Technical University (METU), Ankara)

The Perso-Anatolian Origins of the Administrative and Religious Structure of the “Temple-States” of Pontus

6. Lindsay Allen (King’s College, London)

Glass Drinking Vessels and Questions of Influence and Hierarchy in Achaemenid-Period Anatolia

1. Being ‘Graeco-Persian’

2. Cultural contacts and exchange – case studies from Anatolia

3. 4th century Caria: between Greeks and Persians, Defining a Carian Identity under the Hekatomnids

4. Constructing spaces: assessing architectural and decorative exchange between East and West

5. Formation d’une culture urbaine aux marges du désert syro-arabique: espaces urbains et périurbains

6. Hellenistic-Roman Coastal Settlements of the Southern Levant: Regional and Interregional Assessments

7. Palmira tra Oriente e Occidente

8. Hellenization and Romanization of the Land of Israel: new archaeological evidence

9. Acculturation sur la frontière orientale de l’empire romain: l’exemple de Zeugma et de son cadre de vie

10. La Cilicia dall’età classica al tardo antico: cultura, società, economia

Scholars have traditionally studied cultural exchange in the ancient Mediterranean through the artifacts, art, sculpture, and architecture of its various regions. Ancient gardens and their associated horticultural practices are complex artifacts that contribute key information about cultural exchange in the Mediterranean, particularly notions about resources, cultivation, “nature”, power, and display. The ancient cultures of the Mediterranean and of the areas to the east and south, particularly Egypt and ancient Persia – had long, diverse garden traditions. Through commercial exchange and warfare throughout ancient times, these various traditions cross-pollinated. As a result, many of the gardens in the Hellenistic and Roman world fused evolving local traditions with imported features. The various papers in this session seek to examine these interactions archaeologically. For example, the session will touch on how other garden traditions influenced the Roman garden, how Roman gardens influenced the gardens of other cultures in the Mediterranean, and the means through which these exchanges occurred. Specifically, an examination of garden design, horticultural technology, and plant species suggests that gardens were a key space for the display of the fruits of cultural exchange.

1. Elizabeth Macaulay-Lewis (Oxford University, UK), Kathryn L. Gleason (Cornell University, Ithaca NY)

Introduction

2. James Schryver (University of Minnesota, Morris)

The Late Antique and Early Medieval Gardens of the East

3. Kathryn Gleason (Cornell University, Ithaca NY)

Constructing Nature: The Built Garden. With Notice of a New Monumental Garden at the Villa Arianna, Stabiae

4. Elizabeth Macaulay-Lewis (Oxford University, UK)

Imported Exotica: Approaches to the Study of the Ancient Plant Trade

5. Rona-Shani Evyasaf (The Hebrew University at Jerusalem)

Gardens at a Crossroads: The Influence of Persian and Egyptian Gardens on the Hellenistic Royal Gardens of Judea

La sessione affronta in vario modo la relazione tra sculture e luoghi di rinvenimento. Si passa così dai contesti urbani di committenza imperiale all’individuazione di Artisti e scuole di età ellenistica a Roma fino all’indagine su un culto femminile connesso alle origini di Roma.

Viene preso in esame il programma figurativo complessivo dei Fori Imperiali, a partire dalla lettura della decorazione dell’attico dei portici del Foro di Augusto, quale premessa alla diffusione del sistema porticus nationum nei successivi Fori di Nerva e di Traiano (L. Ungaro).

I pannelli dell’attico del Foro di Nerva dovevano presentare Gentes e Nationes alternati a pannelli con raffigurazioni di Minerva, motivo unificatore di tutto il complesso, secondo il messaggio di religiosità e pacificazione che Domiziano voleva trasmettere (A. Lalle).

Per il Templum Pacis viene sottolineato il modello architettonico, che si ispira alla tradizione delle grandi monarchie del Mediterraneo, ed evidenziate le dinamiche di trasformazione architettoniche, funzionali e topografiche tra il IV e il VI secolo d.C., fino all’epoca bassomedievale e rinascimentale (S. Fogagnolo, F.M. Rossi).

Due contributi gettano luce su aspetti della scultura ellenistica a Roma. La presenza di Trimarchide e dei suoi figli, Policle e Dionisio, a Roma nel II sec. a.C. pare concretamente testimoniata dall’attribuzione di due importanti sculture di grandi proporzioni: la testa acrolita in marmo di Giunone, dal Portico di Ottavia, e la statua colossale in bronzo di Ercole, forse dalla zona dell’Ara Maxima (F. Queyrel).

La Venere di Tauris (oggi nella collezione dell’Hermitage a San Pietroburgo) è stata riconosciuta come un’autentica scultura ellenistica, della II metà del II sec. a.C., creata in Asia Minore o nelle Isole dell’Egeo: viene proposta la sua identificazione nella statua di culto della tholos dedicata a Venere negli Horti Sallustiani (A.V. Kruglov).

Il recente rinvenimento di un contesto archeologico sacrale complesso arricchisce le conoscenze sull’antico culto della ninfa Anna Perenna, legato alle origini di Roma: la ninfa della salute sarebbe anche al centro di pratiche magiche, tra le quali desta particolare interesse e sorpresa l’allusione alla presenza del demone Abraxas (M. Piranomonte, F.M. Simòn).

1. Marina Piranomonte (Soprintendenza Speciale per i Beni Archeologici di Roma), Francisco Marco Simon (Universidad de Zaragoza)

The Daemon and the Nymph: Abraxas and Anna Perenna

2. Alexander Kruglov (The Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg)

Hellenistic Sculpture in Rome: the case for the Venus of Tauris

3. François Queyrel (Ecole pratique des Hautes Etudes, équipe Histara)

Polyclès et sa famille, sculpteurs à Rome

4. Anita Lalle (Independent Researcher)

Le raffigurazioni di Gentes e Nationes nel Foro di Nerva: segno di potere, e di pacificazione

5. Lucrezia Ungaro (Comune di Roma, Sovraintendenza ai Beni Culturali)

Cicli statuari nei Fori Imperiali e propaganda imperiale da Augusto a Traiano

6. Stefania Fogagnolo (Independent Researcher), Federica Michela Rossi (Università di Roma “La Sapienza”)

Il Templum Pacis come esempio di trasformazione del paesaggio urbano e di mutamenti culturali dalla prima età imperiale ai primi del ʼ900

La sessione congressuale di cui alla presente proposta intende offrire un resoconto sintetico ma efficacemente esemplificativo dei primi risultati del programma di ricerca ‘di rilevante interesse nazionale’ (cd. prin/2006), coordinato da Mario Torelli, sul tema “Linguaggi e tradizioni della pittura ellenistica in Italia e in Sicilia”. Il progetto si caratterizza per sistematica copertura degli ambiti geografico-culturali di riferimento – perciò l’Etruria (responsabile Maurizio Harari), il Lazio e la Campania (lo stesso Torelli), l’Apulia (Luigi Todisco) e la Sicilia (Francesco La Torre) – con prospettiva storico-artistica di necessariamente ampio respiro, che guarda al mondo greco e in particolare alla Macedonia (Paolo Moreno), come al contesto originario e propriamente creativo dell’elaborazione dei modelli. Questa discussione si annuncia fin d’ora come un momento criticamente cruciale, all’interno della tematica complessiva del congresso – gli incontri tra culture – ponendo a confronto modelli greci (non solo formali, ma anche ideologici) e rivisitazioni locali in ambienti dell’Italia antica di differenti tradizioni di cultura – i filoni ‘indigeni’ etrusco-italici, la grecità coloniale del Mezzogiorno. Una problematica di grande attualità, che individua nella varia fenomenologia della rifunzionalizzazione la radice di quelle “diseguaglianze del contemporaneo”, che non ammettono d’essere ricondotte a gerarchie culturali di sapore più o meno coscientemente classicistico.

1. Maurizio Harari (Università degli Studi di Pavia)

Premessa del curatore

2. Gioacchino Francesco La Torre (Università degli Studi di Messina)

I sistemi di decorazione parietale nella Sicilia ellenistica: il caso di Finziade

3. Ilaria Domenici (Università degli Studi di Pavia)

Paradigmi mitici e costanti antropologiche nella storia dei fratelli Vibenna: il caso della Tomba François di Vulci

4. Luigi Todisco (Università degli Studi di Bari)

Il pittore di Arpi

5. Mario Torelli (Università della Calabria), Francesco Marcattili (Università degli Studi di Perugia)

La decorazione parietale domestica romano-italica tra fase medio-repubblicana e cultura della luxuria

6. Maurizio Harari (Università degli Studi di Pavia)

La Tomba dei Festoni di Tarquinia e alcuni problemi critico di pittura tardoclassica

7. Paolo Moreno (Università di Roma 3)
   Pittura in Grecia dalla maniera alla restaurazione romana (323-31 a. C.)

Parte I: Diadochi e maniera (323-281 a.C.)
Parte II: Epigoni e páthos (281-168 a.C.)
Parte III: Restaurazione romana (168-31 a. C.)

Punici, Romani ed Etruschi sono indubbiamente, con i Greci, tra i protagonisti della interazione culturale nel Mediterraneo antico. Mediante una serie di casi-studio si intende esaminare la varia e mutevole relazione che nei tre ambiti si ha tra immagini e parole. Sul versante etrusco-italico le interferenze e i contatti culturali con altre aree verranno esaminati sotto il profilo della recezione dai mondi greco, latino-italico e fenicio-punico di forme e denominazioni vascolari (V. Bellelli); sotto quello della mancata corrispondenza sugli specchi di età ellenistica tra le rappresentazioni di figure mitologiche o di divinità riprese dal mondo greco e le didascalie apposte in etrusco (L. Ambrosini); sotto quello infine del “dialogo” tra i protagonisti di scene figurate nel mondo romano medio-repubblicano (A. Emiliozzi). I rapporti tra immagini e parole saranno al centro anche delle riflessioni proposte per l’area cartaginese: dai messaggi religiosi sulle stele del tofet di Cartagine (I. Oggiano e P. Xella) alle complesse valenze culturali, politiche e specificamente economiche del linguaggio monetale adottato a Cartagine, un linguaggio che nasce dal confronto con il mondo greco e si sviluppa parallelamente a quello romano mantenendo connotazioni tipicamente vicino-orientali (L.I. Manfredi). Sarà compito infine del moderatore (R. Olmos) sviluppare ed integrare i confronti con il mondo romano.

1. Laura Ambrosini (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche)

Raffigurazioni e didascalie in etrusco sugli specchi di età ellenistica: alcuni casi-studio

2. Vincenzo Bellelli (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche), Enrico Benelli (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche)

Un settore “specializzato” del lessico etrusco: una messa a punto sui nomi di vasi

3. Adriana Emiliozzi (Consiglio nazionale delle Ricerche)

Dialoghi prenestini su ciste e specchi figurati

4. Lorenza-Ilia Manfredi (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche)

Iconografia e leggenda. Il linguaggio monetale di Cartagine

5. Ida Oggiano (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche), Paolo Xella (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche)

Comunicare con gli dei: parole e simboli sulle stele del tofet