The Iron Age in Italy is a period of major cultural developments with the upsurge of new ethnic/tribal units but also with ample evidence for long-distance exchange. A high degree of mobility and the amalgam of cultural traits of various origins are the characteristics of the period discussed, which contributed significantly to the rise of towns and Early States in Italy. Some artefacts categories with wide distribution patterns will be presented. These patterns establish that in central Italy there is a gradual shift from Villanovan to Orientalising, from an orientation towards the North that is increasingly replaced by a Levantine trend. Particularly during the Late Villanovan period (825-750/700 BC), one can discern crossroads between Urnfield and Levantine phenomena. The Near-Eastern origin of several of the status symbols in the wealthy Late Villanovan tombs indicates that this period has a Proto-Orientalising disposition. Contexts documenting a gradual increase in Levantine acculturation, will be introduced.

1. Albert J. Nijboer (University of Groningen)
Italy, its Interconnections and Cultural Shifts During the Iron Age

2. Annette Rathje (University of Copenhagen)
Tracking down the Orientalizing

3. Christopher Pare (Institut für Vor-und Frühgeschichte)
Interpreting contacts between Central Europe and Italy during the 9th and 8th century BC

4. Cristiano Iaia (Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia)
Fra Europa Centrale e Mediterraneo: modelli di recipienti e arredi in bronzo nell’ Italia centrale della prima età del Ferro

5. Ferdinando Sciacca (Independent Researcher)
Commerci fenici nel Tirreno orientale: uno sguardo dalle grandi necropoli

6. Franco Campus (Independent Researcher),Valentina Leonelli (Independent Researcher), Fulvia Lo Schiavo ( ex-Soprintendenza per i Beni archeologici della Toscana)
La transizione culturale dell’età del bronzo all’età del ferro nella Sardegna nuragica in relazione con l’Italia tirrenica

7. Bruno D’Agostino (Università delgi Studi di Napoli L’Orientale)
Osservazioni al convegno

La formazione della città nel Lazio (The Formation of the city in Latium). In Rome in the late 1970s, debate on urban formation in middle-Tyrrhenian Italy during the 8th- 7th centuries B.C. has been polarised between two opposing schools of thought: Orientalists and Occidentalists. ‘Orientalists’ (mainly Etruscologists, historians and some archaeologist such as C. Ampolo) emphasise the influence of external stimuli from the Eastern Mediterranean, through Greek and Phoenician colonization. While ‘Occidentalists’ (mainly proto- historians, under the guidance of R. Peroni, Etruscologist such as M. Torelli and G. Colonna, and classical archaeologists such as A. Carandini), claim that urbanization in the 8 th- 7 th centuries B.C. is the result of local processes (detectable by settlement development and the growth of social complexity) which date from the Final Bronze Age, if not earlier. However new research perspectives are overcoming this old debate, and concepts such as ‘networks’ and ‘hybridization’ are providing better approaches for the study of interactions among Mediterranean cultures during the 1 st millennium B.C. With these perspectives in mind, the interactions between autochthonous and external stimuli in urbanization and state formation in Italy will be investigated. Firstly, ‘Primary’ urbanization in Central Italy will be presented by comparing political developments and identity formation in Etruria and Latium in the light of traditional and new perspectives (Fulminante, Stoddart) and by focusing on Fidenae and Crustumerium, and their relations with Rome and Veii (Barbaro). Then external stimuli and local developments will be investigated by analysing Greek influences in the construction of a new urban aristocratic ideology (Guidi, Santoro). Finally, ‘Contrasted’ urbanization will be examined using Magna Grecia (Pacciarelli) as a case study; ‘supposed secondary urbanization’ will be illustrated in the Middle-Adriatic region (d’Ercole) and in Northern Italy (Leonardi).

1. Alessandro Guidi (Università di Roma Tre), Francesca Fulminante
Introduzione

2. Barbara Barbaro (Università di Roma “La Sapienza”)
Nascite simili e diverse: il passaggio all’assetto territoriale protourbano durante la fase terminale del Bronzo finale in Etruria meridionale

3. Francesca Fulminante (University of Cambridge), Simon Stoddart (University of Cambridge)
Formazione politica a confronto in Etruria e Latium vetus: status quaestionis e nuove prospettive di ricerca

4. Giovanni Leonardi (Università degli Studi di Padova)
Premesse sociali e culturali alla formazione dei centri protourbani del Veneto

5. Alessandro Guidi (Università degli Studi di Verona) & Paola Santoro (Istituto di studi sulle Civiltà Italiche e del Mediterraneo antico – CNR)
Il ruolo dei Greci nella formazione della nuova ideologia aristocratica urbana

6. M. Pacciarelli (Università degli Studi di Napoli, Federico II)
Attemps of Urbanization in Indigenous Southern Italy: Contacts / Conflicts with the Colonial Greek Culture

7. Vincenzo D’Ercole (Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali)
External Influences in the First Urbanization of Middle-Adriatic Italy

Trente ans de fouilles archéologiques urbaines à Reims permettent de comprendre le processus de transformation d’un ancien oppidum gaulois en une ville gallo-romaine de premier plan. Une assemblée des Gaules y fut convoquée par César. L’alliance avec César semble être à l’origine du statut de cité fédérée dont le chef-lieu, Durocortorum, devint capitale de la Gaule Belgique. Problématiques à cerner: l’urbanisation et la transformation des territoires de la Gaule Belgique; ruptures et continuités: fondations urbaines et urbanisation spontanée; statut des villes; architecture domestique et programme monumental urbain; ruptures et continuités dans les campagnes: fermes indigènes et villae romaines; mise en place du réseau des voies romaines et transformations des campagnes.

1. Ricardo González Villaescusa (Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis)
Les campagnes de la Gaule Belgique

2. Franck Gama (Institut National de Recherches Archéologiques Préventives)
Aperçu de la topographie de Metz, du site fortifié laténien au développement de la ville du Haut-Empire

3. François Berthelot (Direction régionale des affaires culturelles de Champagne-Ardenne), Maxence Poirier (DPLG), avec la collaboration de Robert Neiss (Conservateur en chef du Patrimoine), Agnès Balmelle (INRAP Grand-Est), Philippe Rollet (INRAP Grand-Est)
Urbanisme et programme monumental de la ville de Reims/Durocortorum entre le Ier et le IVè siècle ap. J.-C.

4. Robert Neiss (Conservateur en chef du Patrimoine), Ph. Rollet (INRAP Grand-Est)
Reims. L’oppidum et les débuts de la ville gallo-romaine

5. Ricardo González Villaescusa & Alain Koehler
Les campagnes et les villes: l’exemple de Reims

The subject of the session is the interactive communication of Romans and Barbarians in the provinces of the Imperium Romanum. Do the Barbarians preserve items of their own cultural identity, either in religious or sepulchral practise, or in the material remains found in military and civil contexts? In how far are the images, documented on mosaics and in wall painting, a medium to manifest the construction of ethnic identities? In which way does the Interpretatio Romana lead to religious innovations in the different provinces?

1. Renate Thomas (Römisch-Germanisches Museum der Stadt Köln)

Römische Wandmalerei als Medium der Identitätsfindung im Zentrum und in den Provinzen

2. Ben Russell (St John’s College, Oxford)

Sarcophagi in Roman Britain

3. Peter Halkon (Department of History University of Hull)

Britons and Romans in an East Yorkshire Landscape, UK

4. Philip L. Tite (Independent researcher)

‘Reading’ and ‘Re-Reading’ the Frampton Mosaics: Religious Innovation and the Construction of Cultural Identity in Roman Britain

5. Leonhard Schumacher (Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Institut für Alte Geschichte)

Die fast perfekte Romanisierung des “Barbaren”

10. Roman and barbarian

11. Le rôle de Durocortorum (Reims) capitale de la cité desRèmes dans la romanisation de la Gallia Belgica

La posizione dell’antica Crustumerium, nel tratto della valle tiberina in cui nella tarda protostoria e nella prima età storica si guardano e interagiscono Latini, Etruschi e poi Sabini, ne fa un luogo di incontro e di scambio, fin dal momento della formazione dei corrispondenti nomina.
In particolare la sessione intende trattare il carattere complessivo e i segni di sviluppo della cultura del locale gruppo latino, insediato di fronte agli Etruschi di Veio in un’area partecipe fin dalla prima età del ferro della dinamica di espansione dello stato romano e a contatto con il fronte meridionale su cui giunge ad assestarsi il gruppo italico dei Sabini in un momento non precisato tra protostoria e prima epoca storica. Edited by Francesco di Gennaro

1. Angelo Amoroso (Soprintendenza Speciale per i Beni Archeologici di Roma)
Crustumerium: Characteristics of a Frontier Settlement

2. Francesco di Gennaro (Soprintendenza Speciale per i Beni Archeologici di Roma), Barbara Belelli Marchesini (Soprintendenza Speciale per i Beni Archeologici di Roma)
Gli scavi nel sepolcreto crustumino di Monte Del Bufalo

3. Albert J. Nijboer (University of Groningen), Peter A.J. Attema (University of Groningen)
Cultural Characteristics of the Ancient Community living at Crustumerium and the Excavations of the Groningen Institute of Archaeology at the Monte Del Bufalo Necropolis

4. Ulla Rajala (University of Cambridge)
The excavations in the cemetery of Cisterna Grande (Crustumerium, Rome Italy): Archaic burials and the funerary identities

5. Paolo Togninelli (Museo Archeologico Territoriale di Monterotondo)
Crustumerium: i contatti sul fronte settentrionale. Nuovi dati dalla necropoli di Nomentum

6. Eero Jarva (University of Oulu, Finland)
Crustumerium: the Urban Road Trench

7. Luigi Finocchietti (Soprintendenza Speciale per i Beni Archeologici di Roma)
Tra Crustumerium, Nomentum e Roma: confini e organizzazione del territorio

8. Richard Daniel De Puma (University of Iowa)
Crustumerium and Etruria

1. Urbanization and state formation in Italy during the 1st millenium BC

2. Long-distance contacts and Acculturation in central Italy from 1000 to 700 BC

3. La frontiera tirrenica: scambi, mobilità e interazione culturale nella Campania di età orientalizzante e arcaica

4. Culture a contatto in Campania. Processi di trasformazione tra V e IV secolo a.C.

5. Tra importazione e produzione locale: lineamenti teoretici e applicazioni pratiche per l’individuazione di modelli culturali. Il caso di Tarquinia

6. Crustumerium: I Latini tra Etruschi e Sabini

7. Gli Etruschi e gli altri: l’esempio di Veio

8. Etruria ellenistica

9. Marche: uno “snodo” nell’Adriatico antico

10. La romanizzazione della Cisalpina centro-occidentale: storia, epigrafia, archeologia

11. Architettura ellenistica a Roma e in area centro-italica: percorsi formativi e tendenze culturali tra II e I secolo a.C.

This panel explores the assimilation, transformation and migration of deities in the Ancient Mediterranean. Papers cover a diverse range of periods (Classical Greek to early Byzantine), areas (Mesopotamia, Syria, Greece and the Balkans, North Africa and Rome), and communicative contexts. The aim throughout is to move away from a model of cultural adaptation as ‘translation’ of essentially stable signifiers; and to sound out some of the more subtle ways in which the gods as cultural shapeshifters par excellence travelled and transformed themselves in the ancient Mediterranean. Andrej Petrovic studies some of the creative misunderstandings that kept ancient religion in constant flux, using as his example the fate of Empousa and other demons in late antiquity and early Byzantine times. Peter Alpass and Ted Kaizer look at the ways in which worshippers negotiated the shifting cultural landscapes of Nabataea and Dura-Europus. Penny Wilson investigates similar processes in the context of Roman Egypt, asking why and when the gods Bes and Anubis start being portrayed in Roman armour. Gul Isin studies the process of ‘localization’ that Apollo underwent in Southern Pisidia and Pamphylia. Finally, Anna Leone looks at what happens when a local cult (that of Mercury Sober in North Africa) migrates to the Imperial centre in Rome.

1. Gul Isin (Akdeniz Universitesi)

The Great God Mamblasenos/Apollo

2. Andrej Petrovic (University of Durham)

A demon in the making: Empousa and the European folklore

3. Anna Leone (University of Durham)

Between Rome and North Africa: the cult of Mercurius Sober

4. Penny Wilson (University of Durham)

The Egyptian gods Bes and Anubis as Roman soldiers

5. Peter Alpass (University of Durham)

The creation of a Nabataean Isis

6. Ted Kaizer (University of Durham)

Palmyrene worshippers at Dura Europos: re-creating the local pantheon?